Autism is a neurological disorder involving difficulties relating to and communicating with other persons. About 30 per cent of children with autism also have epilepsy. Children with autism often have abnormal EEGs, as do children with epilepsy, which may add to the difficulty of diagnosing each of these conditions in the same child. Other more detailed tests will often be needed to determine whether the child with autism is also exhibiting abnormal brain wave activity because of epilepsy.

For more information, visit the Autism Society Ontario website.

Cerebral palsy describes a group of disorders, which affect body movement and muscle coordination. The condition is caused by brain damage experienced before, during or shortly after birth. Depending on the region of the brain affected, the condition may cause stiffening of the body and limbs, involuntary movement, difficulty with fine and gross motor skills, and difficulty with perception and sensation. Approximately 33 per cent of children with cerebral palsy also have epilepsy.

For more information, visit the Ontario Federation for Cerebral Palsy website.

Down syndrome, a disorder caused by a chromosomal abnormality – the presence of an extra chromosome 21 in each cell. The characteristics of a child with Down syndrome may include a smaller than normal and abnormally shaped head, flattened nose, protruding tongue, upward slanting eyes, short and broad hands, a shorter than average height and intellectual disabilities.

For more information, visit the Down Syndrome Association of Ontario website.

Fragile X syndrome is a genetic disorder that is passed down from the mother’s side of the family. Boys are more often affected, although girls may be affected as well. Physical characteristics of those with Fragile X syndrome include a long narrow face, prominent ears, jaw, chin and forehead, macro-orchidism (enlarged testicles), hyperextended finger joints, double jointed thumbs and an excessive growth rate into the early childhood years.

Of all the people affected with Fragile X syndrome, 15 to 20 per cent experience seizures. The individual may experience an intellectual disability, autistic-like behaviours, strabismus (cross-eyed), enlarged head, slanted eyes, poor muscle tone and coordination, as well as many other characteristics.

For more information, visit the Fragile X Research Foundation of Canada website.

When a child is diagnosed with an intellectual disability, it can have major implications for both teh child and the family. The label itself can be associated with many negative consequences. It is important for people to realize that with special assistance programs, children with intellectual disabilities can be productive members of the community. It should be emphasized that epilepsy doesn’t cause intellectual disabilities or vice versa. Rather, both may be the result of a brain disorder.

For more information, visit the Ontario Association for Community Living website.

Children with epilepsy have the same range of intelligence as those without the condition. Of those children with learning problems, however, up to 50 per cent will also have epilepsy. That is, children with learning disabilities have a higher incidence of epilepsy. A child is most likely to have a severe learning disability if s/he has severe uncontrolled seizures, in addition to a physical and/or intellectual disability.

In some cases, the same brain damage responsible for the seizures, may also be responsible for causing specific learning difficulties. Generalized seizures (absence or tonic-clonic seizures) are more often associated with cognitive problems than are partial seizures (simple partial or complex partial seizures). Partial seizures tend to have more specific effects, particularly on memory and language functioning. Many learning difficulties can be overcome, using special education services, and close observation and monitoring of the child’s educational progress.

For more information, visit the Learning Disabilities Association of Ontario and Ontario Ministry of Education’s Special Education websites.

Lennox-Gastaut syndrome is an extremely destructive disorder, which still baffles many physicians. It affects between 3 to 10 per cent of children with epilepsy, more commonly males. The peak age for onset is between three to five years of age with extreme incidence occurring in the first and tenth years of life. There is commonly a history of epilepsy in the family of the affected individual, though there is no known case of familial Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.

The most characteristic manifestation of the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome patients die from inherent problems and complications within 10 years of its onset. The disorder often persists into adulthood causing a multi-faceted array of emotional problems in up to 25 per cent of patients. Almost all patients continue to have disabilities, including learning arrest, loss of previously-developed skills, language difficulties, and impaired organization of movement.

For more information about Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, click here.

Muscular dystrophy is the name of a group of muscle disorders, which are caused geentically. These disorders are characterized by progressive weakening and wasting of the voluntary muscles that control body movement. As the muscle wastes away, they are replaced by fatty and connective tissues. Clinical symptoms of muscular dystrophy usually appear in childhood between two to five years, although some types of muscular dystrophy do not appear until later in life.

The disease progresses at different rates, depending on the individual. It progresses steadily without remission in all children. A wheelchair usually is necessary by late childhood or early adolescence. Breathing becomes difficult as the disease reaches later stages. The disease shortens one’s life span.

For more information, visit the Muscular Dystrophy Association of Canada website.

Rett Syndrome is a severe neurological disorder, which affects females within the first two years of life. After approximately two years of apparently normal development, the child suffers from the loss of speech and the ability to walk normally, and begins to exhibit autistic-like behaviours (repetitive hand movements such as clapping, body rocking). Approximately 80 per cent of children who have Rett Syndrome also have epilepsy. There is no cure for the disease.

For more information, visit the Ontario Rett Syndrome Association website.

Tuberous sclerosis is a genetic disorder that causes benign tumours to form in a variety of organs including the brain, eyes, heart, kidney, skin and lungs. Up to 80 per cent of individuals with tuberous sclerosis will experience seizures at some point in their life. Tuberous sclerosis is the largest known genetic cause of epilepsy.

Seizures are caused by tubers or lesions in the brain. These lesions are small patches of the brain that don’t develop normally. Tuberous sclerosis can also cause autism, behavioural problems and destruction of the kidneys, lungs, heart or other organs.

For more information, visit the Tuberous Sclerosis Canada website.